![Professor John Speakman Professor John Speakman](/img/200x200/staffpages/uploads/nhi158/johnbird.jpg)
FRS FMedSci FRSE FRSB FRSA FLS FRSS
Chair in Zoology
- About
-
- Email Address
- j.speakman@abdn.ac.uk
- Telephone Number
- +44 (0)1224 272879
- Office Address
- School/Department
- School of Biological Sciences
Biography
For Speakman's biography see the Wikipedia page entry.
External Memberships
Committees
I serve on the following external committees:
Royal Society
- Section 10 medical sciences election committee
- Newton Fund International Fellowships Chairman
- University Research Fellowships (Panel B)
Royal Society of Edinburgh
- Section A3 election committee
Journals
In the last decade I have also served on the editorial boards of the following journals:
- Mammal review 2002 - date
- Aging Cell (section editor) 2004 - 2007
- Journal of Comparative Physiology 2004 - date
- Functional Ecology 2004 - 2009
- Biology letters 2008 - 2013
- Biology Open (deputy editor in chief) 2011 - 2018
- Molecular metabolism (founding board member) 2011 - date
- Science 2011 - date
- IUBMB Life 2012 - date
- Clinical Endocrinology Physiology and Pharmacology 2013 - 2015
- Journal of Genetics and Genomics 2013 - date
- Physiological and Biochemical zoology 2015 - date
- Annals of Human Genetics 2016 - 2019
- International Journal of Obesity 2017 - date
- China Science Life Science 2018 - date
- Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society 2018 - date
- Research
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Research Overview
Over my career so far I have worked on a wide range of topics. Binding them all together is a singular focus on understanding the factors that influence and limit energy expenditure. Since energy is central to all biological processes it provides a common currency for gaining deeper knowledge of the evolutionary forces that have molded animal (including human) adaptations. Early in my career, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, I was instrumental in developing the theoretical and practical basis of an isotope-based methodology for the study of energy demands in free-living animals: called the doubly-labelled water (DLW) technique. In 1997 I published a 400 page book (Doubly-labelled water: theory and practice. Springer New York) which has become the standard reference for the method. This expertise has led my group to become the partner of choice for scientists around the world wishing to apply these techniques in their own studies.
I have used these techniques and the energy balance approach to provide paradigm shifting insights into our understanding of the limits on animal energy expenditure (notably the heat dissipation limits theory), the biology of ageing, and the evolutionary context of the human obesity epidemic (particularly the ‘drifty gene’ hypothesis). These studies have broad implications across many areas of enquiry. A common theme of my work has been to challenge and overturn prevailing ideas with new knowledge gathered from the study of energetics.
Limits to Sustained energy expenditure and intake: I have a long interest in the factors that limit animal expenditure over periods of days and weeks: called sustained energy expenditure (or sustained energy intake – since over such long periods the two must balance). This approach has been used to provide valuable insights in several different areas. In 1998 using the DLW method we showed that African wild dogs have extremely high levels of free-living energy expenditure due mostly to the high costs of hunting (Gorman et al 1998 Nature391: 479-481: front cover). This creates a problem for wild dogs because if their prey is stolen (e.g. by lions or hyenas) the cost of replacing the food becomes extremely expensive. A mathematical model showed that only a slight shift in the level of kleptoparasitism would push the dogs over an energetic precipice to physiologically unsustainable levels of expenditure. This explained why wild dogs are driven to extinction in reserves where large lion and hyena populations are fostered for tourism. It has been widely assumed that this problem would also pertain to cheetah that are similarly kleptoparasitised, and also presumed to have high hunting costs, but work in collaboration with ex-student Michael Scantlebury has suggested otherwise (Scantlebury et al 2014 Science). This is primarily because while cheetah hunts are costly per unit time, they are very short in duration. Hence cheetah have flexibility to sustain much greater levels of kleptoparasitism than wild dogs. At the other end of the metabolic spectrum it has been widely speculated that to survive on their bamboo diet Giant Pandas must have low metabolic rates. We have shown that Panda metabolic rates are among the lowest ever measured in the Eutheria, and can be traced to a panda unique single nucleotide polymorphism in the dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) gene, which causes a premature stop codon and truncated protein. DUOX2 is critical for thyroid hormone synthesis (Nie et al 2015 Science 349: 171-4).
For most animals breeding is the most energetically expensive period in their lives. They consequently time such effort to match maximal food availability. In some situations this timing may go awry as was observed in populations of blue tits nesting in different habitats in Corsica. Quantification of energy demands using DLW of synchronised and non-synchronised individuals (Thomas et al 2001 Science 291: 2598-2600) showed that desynchronised individuals must work close to their physiological capacity, significantly increasing their mortality rate. This finding has major implications because often the timing of breeding is hard wired into circannual daylight cycles. If the timing of the pulse of maximal food availability changes – for example, due to global climate change, populations may mis-time their breeding events with catastrophic consequences. Elevated ambient temperatures may also have more direct effects on energy expenditure, and this is likely to be particularly important in hibernating animals. Using a mathematical model of hibernal energy balance my group was able to show how climate change will impact the biogeography of bats in North America (Humphries et al 2002 Nature 418: 313-316).
To study this phenomenon of limits in more detail we group have used lactating mice as a model system. Starting in 1996 (Speakman and McQueenie 1996 Physiol. Zool. 69: 746-769) this has led to a series of more than 30 papers mostly in the Journal of Experimental Biology. This work was expanded into a more comprehensive theory concerning the more general limits on animal metabolic rates (the heat dissipation limit theory). The fundamental feature of this revolutionary idea is that endothermic animals are not normally constrained by extrinsic energy supply, but rather are limited by their ability to dissipate body heat, combined with the risk of hyperthermia. This theory was summarised in a landmark paper in 2010 (Speakman and Krol 2010 J. Anim. Ecol. 79: 726-746).
Limits on heat dissipation may have important ramifications as our climate changes. This is because the risk of heatwaves is anticipated to rise in the future. In collaboration with Dr Zhi-Jun Zhao at the university of Wenzhou in China, we have shown in mice and desert hamsters that such changes may have devastating effects paticularly during lactation when there seems to be a critical window of vulnerability to high temperatures (Zhao et al 2020: PNAS).
Energetics and the biology of ageing and life histories. One of the important areas where the heat dissipation limit theory has significant implications is the study of ageing and life histories. In fact ageing, life histories and energetics have a long history of association via the ‘rate of living theory’ which was the first comprehensive theory of ageing, proposed early during the last century. This theory was based on the empirical observation that species with lower rates of metabolism live longer, and found a potential mechanism in the observations that free-radicals are an inevitable by product of oxidative metabolism. The rate of living and free-radical theory of ageing was the dominant theory of ageing until the late 1990s, and the suggested role of free-radicals and oxidative stress as mediators of life history trade-offs has been dominant since that time. My work, (along with many other researchers), has been instrumental in overturning both these ideas. By measuring the energy metabolism of individual mice he showed that it was actually mice with the higher rates of metabolism that lived longest (Speakman et al 2004 Aging cell3: 87-95). I also showed that the links between low metabolism and lifespan are statistical artefacts of not adequately accounting for co-variation due to body size and phylogeny (Speakman, 2005 J. Expt. Biol. 208: 1717-1730.
Energetics and obesity: I have made two distinct contributions to this field. The first is to revolutionise our perceptions of the evolutionary underpinning of the epidemic. Until the mid-2000’s the only evolutionary model for the development of obesity was the ‘thrifty’ gene hypothesis, proposed by Neel in 1962. This suggested that we become obese because in our ancient past deposition of fat provided a safeguard against periods of famine. However, in modern society the system promoting fat storage during periods of plenty results in deposition of excessive amounts of fat in preparation for a famine that never comes: and the result is an obesity epidemic. I have highlighted the many flaws in this superficially attractive idea, and suggested the alternative hypothesis that in our ancient past we were probably very good at regulating our body weight because of the twin threats of starvation and predation. However, 2 million years ago with the invention of fire, weapons and social behaviour we effectively removed the threat of predation: allowing the genes that define our upper body weight control point to drift in time. Because these genes are drifting, rather than being under selection, this explains why everyone does not get fat in modern society. This new idea was elaborated in a breakthrough paper in 2007 (Speakman, 2007 Cell metabolism 6: 5-11) and was subsequently coined the 'drifty' gene hypothesis (Speakman 2008 Int. J. Obesity 32: 1611-1617). This novel approach completely reconceptualises the reasons underpinning the obesity epidemic, and is gathering increasing support from, for example, the GWAS studies of obesity.
My second main contribution to the obesity field is to enter the debate concerning the roles of physical activity and energy expenditure as factors driving the epidemic. In other words, do we eat too much or expend too little (or both). In the 1970 and 1980s it was widely thought that the problem was over-eating, but a highly influential paper by Prentice and Jebb in 1991 suggested the problem was really increasing levels of sedentary behaviour. By the early 2000’s, when I entered this field, it was almost universally believed that reductions in energy expenditure were the main issue. My group published the first data showing that the newly discovered FTO gene (the first GWAS gene linked to obesity) has its effects via modulation of energy intake rather than energy expenditure (Speakman et al 2008 Obesity 16: 1961-1965). This seminal contribution to our understanding of the biological effects of FTO has become the 22nd most cited paper from over 7000 papers published in Obesity over the past 15 years. In collaboration with Klaas Westerterp, we have surveyed data on energy demands dating back to the 1980s. This work showed two things: first that energy expenditure has not declined over this period, and second that the energy demands of humans actually fit very closely to the expected levels of expenditure based on studies of wild animals (Westerterp and Speakman 2008. Int. J. Obesity 32: 1256-1263). This work was an integral part of a turning tide, and now, the idea that the problem with the obesity epidemic is elevated food intake, rather than reduced expenditure, is main stream again.
Current Research
The work of my group currently addresses several key issues with respect to energy balance
1) the role and mechanism by which restriction of calorie intake leads to improved health and lifespan.
This work has been mainly performed in mice and utilised a method of exposing aniamls to graded levels of restriction to elucidate the patterns of change as restriction becomes more intense. Full details of this work can be found on the open science framework pages https://osf.io/9yath. In 2020 I published a revolutionary new idea about why CR has the effects it does - called the 'clean cupboards' hypothesis published in the Naional Science Review
2) The impact of macronutrients on wieght regulation.
There is a long standing debate about the roles played by different macronutrients in weight regulation. We have been working in this field mostly by exposing mice to different macronutrient diets and monitoring their responses in terms of food intake and body weight. A major paper on this work was published in Cell metabolism in 2018. (Hu et al 2018: Cell metabolism).
3) Measuring energy demands of free-living animals and humans using the doubly-labelled water method
4) Exploring the links between fast food consumption and obesity
5) The IAEA doubly-labelled water human database
https://doubly-labelled-water-database.iaea.org/home
- Publications
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Page 6 of 7 Results 501 to 600 of 679
Obesity: Part one - The greatest health threat facing mankind
Biologist, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 11-14Contributions to Journals: Review articles- [ONLINE] View publication in Scopus
Age-related changes in the metabolism and body composition of three dog breeds and their relationship to life expectancy
Aging Cell, vol. 2, pp. 265-275Contributions to Journals: Literature Reviews- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1474-9728.2003.00061.x
Azorean bats Nyctalus azoreum, cluster as they emerge from roosts, despite the lack of avian predators
Acta Chiropterologica, vol. 5, pp. 185-192Contributions to Journals: ArticlesEnergetics and water economy of common spiny mice Acomys cahirinus from north- and south-facing slopes of a Mediterranean valley
Functional Ecology, vol. 17, pp. 178-185Contributions to Journals: ArticlesField energetics of free-living, lactating and non-lactating echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus)
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, vol. 136, pp. 903-909Contributions to Journals: ArticlesLimits to sustained energy intake VII: Milk energy output in laboratory mice at thermoneutralith
Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 206, no. 23, pp. 4267-4281Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.00675
Limits to sustained energy intake VIII: Resting metabolic rate and organ morphology of laboratory mice lactating at thermoneutralith
Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 206, no. 23, pp. 4283-4291Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.00676
Physical activity and resting metabolic rate
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, vol. 62, pp. 621-634Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/PNS2003282
The dual function of the lung in chelonian sea turtles: buoyancy control and oxygen storage
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol. 297, pp. 123-140Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2003.07.004
Cost of flight in the zebra finch ( Taenopygia guttata): a novel approach based on elimination of (13)C labelled bicarbonate
Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology, vol. 172, no. 6, pp. 529-539Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-002-0279-7
Climate-mediated energetic constraints on the distribution of hibernating mammals
Nature, vol. 418, pp. 313-316Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature00828
Antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation, and DNA oxidative damage: the effects of short-term voluntary wheel running
Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 401, no. 2, pp. 255-261Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9861(02)00050-4
The analysis of 13C/12C ratios in exhaled CO2: Its advantages and potential application to field research to infer diet, changes in diet over time, and substrate metabolism in birds
Integrative and Comparative Biology, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 21-33Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/42.1.21
- [ONLINE] View publication in Scopus
The measurement of resting metabolic rate in young children: Reproducibility and comparison with predicted values
Obesity Research, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 68Contributions to Journals: Abstracts- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2002.11
Carbon isotope ratios in exhaled CO2 can be used to determine not just present, but also past diets in birds
Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology, vol. 172, pp. 263-268Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-002-0251-6
Does body mass play a role in the regulation of food intake?
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, vol. 61, pp. 473-487Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/PNS2002194
Living fast, dying when? The link between aging and energetics
The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 132Contributions to Journals: ArticlesLong-term divergent selection on body fatness in mice indicates a regulation system that is independent of leptin production and reception
The FASEB Journal, vol. 16, pp. 85Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.02-0111fje
Regional blood flow in sea turtles: Implications for heat exchange in an aquatic ectotherm
Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, vol. 75, pp. 66-76Contributions to Journals: ArticlesSoaring behaviour in the Samoan flying fox (Pteropus samoensis)
Journal of Zoology, vol. 256, pp. 55-62Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836902000079
The analysis of C-13/C-12 ratios in exhaled CO2: Its advantages and potential application to field research to infer diet, changes in diet over time, and substrate metabolism in birds
Integrative and Comparative Biology, vol. 42, pp. 21-33Contributions to Journals: ArticlesThe energetics of autumn mast hoarding in eastern chipmunks
Oecologia, vol. 133, pp. 30-37Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-1014-5
The energetics of lactation in cooperatively breeding meerkats Suricata suricatta
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences, vol. 269, pp. 2147-2153Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2108
Voluntary exercise has only limited effects on activity of antioxidant enzymes and does not cause oxidative damage in a small mammal
The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 132, no. 6 SUPPL. 1, pp. 1784S-1786SContributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.6.1784s
- [ONLINE] View publication in Scopus
Measuring natural abundance of 13C in respired CO2: Variability and implications for non-invasive dietary analysis
Functional Ecology, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 791-797Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0269-8463.2001.00577.x
- [ONLINE] View publication in Scopus
Limits to sustained energy intake III: effects of concurrent pregnancy and lactation in Mus musculus
Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 204, no. 11, pp. 1947-1956Contributions to Journals: ArticlesComparison of methods for quantification of non-shivering thermogenic capacity
The FASEB Journal, vol. 15, no. 5Contributions to Journals: ArticlesEnergetics of lactation in laboratory mice at thermoneutrality
The FASEB Journal, vol. 15, no. 4Contributions to Journals: ArticlesLimits to sustained energy intake during lactation in the mouse Mus musculus
The FASEB Journal, vol. 15, no. 4Contributions to Journals: ArticlesEnergetic and fitness costs of mismatching resource supply and demand in seasonally breeding birds
Science, vol. 291, no. 5513, pp. 2598-2600Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1057487
Aerodynamics and energetics of intermittent flight in birds
American Zoologist, vol. 41, pp. 188-204Contributions to Journals: ArticlesAssociations between energetics and over-winter survival in the short-tailed field vole Microtus agrestis
Journal of Animal Ecology, vol. 70, pp. 633-640Contributions to Journals: ArticlesBounding flight in the Starling
American ZoologistContributions to Journals: ArticlesCan non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue following NA injection be quantified by changes in overlying surface temperatures using infrared thermography?
Journal of Thermal Biology, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 85-93Contributions to Journals: ArticlesCompetition between Eurasian red and introduced Eastern grey squirrels: the energetic significance of body-mass differences
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences, vol. 268, pp. 1731-1736Contributions to Journals: ArticlesEffect of high-fat diet on body mass and energy balance in the bank vole
Experimental Physiology, vol. 74, pp. 65-70Contributions to Journals: ArticlesEffect of increased dietary protein and decreased dietary carbohydrate on performance and body composition in racing Greyhounds
American Journal of Veterinary Research, vol. 62, pp. 440-447Contributions to Journals: ArticlesEnergetics and litter size variation in domestic dog Canis familiaris breeds of two sizes
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, vol. 129, pp. 919-931Contributions to Journals: ArticlesEnergetics and over-winter survival of the short-tailed field vole (Microtus agrestis)
Journal of Animal Ecology, vol. 70, pp. 633-640Contributions to Journals: ArticlesForaging energetics of arctic cormorants and the evolution of diving birds
Ecology Letters, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 180-184Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00214.x
Hypothalamic neuropeptide mechanisms for regulating energy balance: from rodent models to human obesity
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, vol. 25, pp. 101-116Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(00)00053-1
Limits to sustained energy intake I: Lactation in the laboratory mouse Mus musculus
Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 204, no. 11, pp. 1925-1935Contributions to Journals: ArticlesLimits to sustained energy intake II. Inter-relationships between resting metabolic rate, life-history traits and morphology in Mus musculus
Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 204, pp. 1937-1946Contributions to Journals: ArticlesLimits to sustained energy intake IV: Effect of variation in food quality on lactating mice Mus musculus
Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 204, pp. 1957-1965Contributions to Journals: ArticlesLimits to sustained energy intake V: Effect of cold exposure during lactation in Mus musculus
Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 204, pp. 1967-1977Contributions to Journals: ArticlesMeasuring natural abundance of C-13 in respired CO2: variability and implications for non-invasive dietary analysis
Functional Ecology, vol. 15, pp. 791-797Contributions to Journals: ArticlesMetabolic power, mechanical power and efficiency during wind tunnel flight by the European starling Sturnus vulgaris
Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 204, pp. 3311-3322Contributions to Journals: ArticlesResting metabolic rate and morphology in mice (Mus musculus) selected for high and low food intake
Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 204, pp. 777-784Contributions to Journals: ArticlesThe evolution of flight and echolocation in bats
Mammal Review, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 111-130Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2907.2001.00082.x
The status of Nathusius' pipistrelle (Pipistrellus nathusii Keyserling & Blasius, 1839) in the British Isles
Journal of Zoology, vol. 254, pp. 91-100Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836901000589
Thermoregulatory responses of two mouse Mus musculus strains selectively bred for high and low food intake
Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology, vol. 171, pp. 661-668Contributions to Journals: ArticlesValidation of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) by comparison with chemical analysis of dogs and cats
International Journal of Obesity, vol. 25, pp. 439-447Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801544
Validation of the doubly-labelled water technique in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris)
British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 85, pp. 75-87Contributions to Journals: ArticlesVariation in food supply, time of breeding, and energy expenditure in birds - Response
Science, vol. 294Contributions to Journals: EditorialsVariations in respiratory muscle activity during echolocation when stationary in three species of bat (Microchiroptera : Vespertilionidae)
Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 204, pp. 4185-4197Contributions to Journals: ArticlesEnergetics of biosonar vocalization in stationary insectivorous bats
American Zoologist, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 1094-1095Contributions to Journals: ArticlesStable isotopes in exhaled CO2 and the assessment of substrate metabolism in flying birds.
American Zoologist, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 1047Contributions to Journals: ArticlesEffect of high-fat diet on body mass and energy balance in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus)
Obesity Research, vol. 8Contributions to Journals: ArticlesCost of flight in the zebra finch (Taenopygia guttata): a novel approach based on elimination of C-13 labelled bicarbonate in breath
The FASEB Journal, vol. 14, no. 4Contributions to Journals: ArticlesEffects of body mass on basal metabolic rate (BMR): why are intra-specific relationships so poor?
The FASEB Journal, vol. 14, no. 4Contributions to Journals: ArticlesHeritability of resting metabolic rate (RMR) in the short-tailed field vole (Microtus agrestis).
The FASEB Journal, vol. 14, no. 4Contributions to Journals: ArticlesLiving fast and dying old.
The FASEB Journal, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. A757Contributions to Journals: ArticlesLong-term cold exposure and the effects on resting metabolic rate and antioxidant enzyme activities in short-tailed field voles. Microtus agrestis
The FASEB Journal, vol. 14, no. 4Contributions to Journals: ArticlesMale short-tailed field voles (Microtus agrestis) construct better insulated nests than females
The FASEB Journal, vol. 14, no. 4Contributions to Journals: ArticlesVoles fed a high fat diet did not gain weight
The FASEB Journal, vol. 14, no. 4Contributions to Journals: ArticlesActivity patterns of insectivorous bats and birds in northern Scandinavia (69 degrees N), during continuous midsummer daylight
Oikos, vol. 88, pp. 75-86Contributions to Journals: ArticlesAvoidance behaviour of bats and moths: when is it predator defence?
Oikos, vol. 88, pp. 221-223Contributions to Journals: ArticlesDaily energy expenditure of the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus): a small primate that uses torpor
Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology, vol. 170, pp. 633-641Contributions to Journals: ArticlesEffect of long-term cold exposure on antioxidant enzyme activities in a small mammal
Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol. 28, pp. 1279-1285Contributions to Journals: ArticlesEffects of body mass and reproduction on the basal metabolic rate of brown long-eared bats (Plecotus auritus)
Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, vol. 73, pp. 112-121Contributions to Journals: ArticlesEnergetics of lactation in domestic dog (Canis familiaris) breeds of two sizes
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, vol. 125, pp. 197-210Contributions to Journals: ArticlesEstimation of the rate of oxygen consumption of the common eider duck (Somateria mollissima), with some measurements of heart rate during voluntary dives
Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 203, pp. 2819-2832Contributions to Journals: ArticlesIsotope recycling in lactating dogs (Canis familiaris)
American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, vol. 278Contributions to Journals: ArticlesMorphological changes during postnatal growth and reproduction in the brown long-eared bat Plecotus auritus: implications for wing loading and predicted flight performance
Journal of Natural History, vol. 34, pp. 773-791Contributions to Journals: ArticlesPreparation of hydrogen from water by reduction with lithium aluminium hydride for the analysis of delta H-2 by isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, vol. 14, pp. 450-453Contributions to Journals: ArticlesRelationships between resting metabolic rate and morphology in lactating mice: What tissues are the major contributors to resting metabolism?
Chapters in Books, Reports and Conference Proceedings: Conference ProceedingsSocial and population structure of a gleaning bat, Plecotus auritus
Journal of Zoology, vol. 252, pp. 11-17Contributions to Journals: ArticlesThe Cost of Living: Field Metabolic Rates of Small Mammals
Advances in Ecological Research. Fitter, A., Raffaelli, D. (eds.). 1st edition. Academic Press, pp. 177-297, 121 pagesChapters in Books, Reports and Conference Proceedings: Chapters- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60019-7
Leptin inhibits the starvation responses of mice
The FASEB Journal, vol. 13, no. 5Contributions to Journals: ArticlesRemote measurement of the energy cost of flight using infra-red thermography
The FASEB Journal, vol. 13, no. 5Contributions to Journals: ArticlesAbsorption of visible spectrum radiation by the wing membranes of living pteropodid bats
Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology, vol. 169, pp. 187-194Contributions to Journals: ArticlesDaily energy expenditure of free-living male Wood Mice in different habitats and seasons
Functional Ecology, vol. 13, pp. 585-593Contributions to Journals: ArticlesEffect of roost size on the emergence behaviour of pipistrelle bats
Animal Behaviour, vol. 58, pp. 787-795Contributions to Journals: ArticlesEnergetic effects of sublethal exposure to lindane on pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus)
Environmental Pollution, vol. 104, pp. 169-177Contributions to Journals: ArticlesEnergy budgets of lactating and non-reproductive Brown Long-Eared Bats (Plecotus auritus) suggest females use compensation in lactation
Functional Ecology, vol. 13, pp. 360-372Contributions to Journals: ArticlesHeat transfer from starlings Sturnus vulgaris during flight
Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 202, pp. 1589-1602Contributions to Journals: ArticlesIsotope dilution spaces of mice injected simultaneously with deuterium, tritium and oxygen-18
Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 202, pp. 2839-2849Contributions to Journals: ArticlesMale short-tailed field voles (Microtus agrestis) build better insulated nests than females
Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology, vol. 169, pp. 581-587Contributions to Journals: ArticlesNo support for socio-physiological suppression effect on metabolism of paired white mice (Mus sp.)
Functional Ecology, vol. 13, pp. 373-382Contributions to Journals: ArticlesPreparing for inactivity: how insectivorous bats deposit a fat store for hibernation
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, vol. 58, pp. 123-131Contributions to Journals: ArticlesThe evolution of flight and echolocation in pre-bats: an evaluation of the energetics of reach hunting
Acta Chiropterologica, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 3-15Contributions to Journals: ArticlesDiurnal activity in the Samoan flying fox, Pteropus samoensis
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological sciences, vol. 353, no. 1375, pp. 1595-1606Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0312
Roost selection in the pipistrelle bat, Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Chiroptera : Vespertilionidae), in northeast Scotland
Animal Behaviour, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 909-917Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1998.0858
The history and theory of the doubly labeled water technique
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 932s-938sContributions to Journals: ArticlesThe function of flight formations in Greylag Geese Anser anser: energy saving or orientation?
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High hunting costs make African wild dogs vulnerable to kleptoparasitism by hyaenas
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The reproductive cycle and determination of sexual maturity in male brown long-eared bats, Plecotus auritus (Chiroptera : Vespertilionidae)
Journal of Zoology, vol. 244, no. 1, pp. 63Contributions to Journals: Articles- [ONLINE] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00007.x
Do emerging pipistrelle bats lose control of their timing due to 'crowd pressure'?
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