Learning Outcomes and References
Learning Outcomes
- To understand the anatomy and function of the adrenal glands
- To understand the cause and presentation of adrenal insufficiency
- To understand the tests for confirming adrenal insufficiency
- To explain the management of these adrenal insufficiencies
References
- Arlt W, Allolio B. Adrenal insufficiency. Lancet. 2003;361:1881-1893.
- Lam KY, Lo CY. A critical examination of adrenal tuberculosis and a 28-year autopsy experience of active tuberculosis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001;54:633-639.
- Ten S, New M, Maclaren N. Clinical review 130: Addison's disease 2001. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:2909-2922
- Jacobson DL, Gange SJ, Rose NR, et al. Epidemiology and estimated population burden of selected autoimmune diseases in the United States. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1997;84:223-243.
- Charmandari E, Nicolaides NC, Chrousos GP. Adrenal insufficiency. Lancet. 2014;383:2152-216
- Orth DN, Kavacs WJ. The adrenal cortex. In: JD Wilson, DW Foster, HM Kronenberg, et al (eds). Williams textbook of endocrinology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 1998:517-664.
- Ospina NS, Al Nofal A, Bancos I, et al. ACTH stimulation tests for the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:427-434.
- Betterle C, Dal Pra C, Mantero F, et al. Autoimmune adrenal insufficiency and autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes: autoantibodies, autoantigens, and their applicability in diagnosis and disease prediction. Endocr Rev. 2002;23:327-364.
