Aberdeen Centre for Evaluation
The Aberdeen Centre for Evaluation, part of the University of Aberdeen, has a national remit to research the best ways to provide health care, and to train those working in the health services in research methods. Most research projects aim to find out whether developments within the health service really are effective, efficient and appropriate.
Adverse Event (AE)
Any untoward medical occurrence in a participant, not necessarily causal relationship with medicinal product.
Adverse Reaction (AR)
An Adverse Reaction is all untoward and unintended responses to an investigational medicinal product (IMP) related to any dose administered.
Centre for Healthcare Randomised Trials (CHaRT)
The Centre for Healthcare Randomised Trials is located in Health Services Research Unit (HSRU). A fully registered Clinical Trials Unit (CTU), its goal is to collaborate in high quality Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs), providing access to the core competencies of experienced trialists, trial management, data processing and management, statistics, and health economics.
Clinical Research Network (CRN)
The Clinical Research Network is part of the National Institute for Health Research Clinical Research Network (NIHR CRN). The Clinical Research Network provides researchers with the practical support they need to make clinical studies happen in the NHS, so that more research takes place across England, and more patients can take part. See here.
Clinical Trial (CT)
A clinical trial is a fair comparison of different treatments in two or more groups of people. Clinical trials co-ordinated by the Health Services Research Unit (HSRU) aim to find out more about how well a particular intervention, or treatment works. Many trials compare the usual treatment with a newer or varied treatment. People taking part are put into different treatment groups, so that the research team can compare the results.
Case Report Form (CRF)
A Case Report Form is a paper or electronic form specifically used in clinical trial research to collect data from each participating site. Data on each patient participating in a clinical trial are held and/or documented in the CRF.
Central Portfolio Management System (CPMS)
'The Central Portfolio Management System is a cloud-based portfolio management system, which has replaced the UKCRN Portfolio and Industry Application Gateway databases.' See website for further information.
Chief Investigator (CI)
The named chief investigator (CI) takes responsibility for the conduct of the proposed research in the UK. The HRA's policy is that the named CI should normally be a researcher who is professionally based in the UK, so that he / she is able to supervise the research effectively in the UK setting and is readily available to communicate with the Research Ethics Committee (REC) and other review bodies during the application process and, where necessary, during the conduct of the research. Taken from www.hra.nhs.uk/resources/before-you-apply/roles-and-responsibilties/chief-investigator/
Chief Scientist Office (CSO)
The Chief Scientist Office (part of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates) supports and promotes high quality research aimed at improving the services offered by NHS Scotland, and the health of the people of Scotland. See their website for further details.
Clinical Studies Oversight Group (CSOG)
The Clinical Studies Oversight Group will review clinical research projects presented for Sponsorship to the University of Aberdeen or NHS Grampian. CSOG will also undertake an overview of Pharmacovigilance events, serious breaches and summary monitoring or audit reports of red graded findings at the regular meetings.
Clinical Trial Authorisation (CTA)
A Clinical Trial Authorisation is an authorisation from the MHRA to conduct a clinical trial.
Clinical Trial Agreement (CTA)
A number of clinical trial agreements may be required for a clinical trial to document the terms and conditions associated with the conduct of a clinical trial. These may include agreements with suppliers of drugs or devices, laboratories as well as an mNCA with participating sites. Please note: UoA R&I will lead the development of the CTA for studies.
Clinical Trial of an Investigational Medicinal Product (CTIMP)
A clinical trial that is within the scope of the UK Medicines for Human Use (Clinical Trials) Regulations 2004, in that it tests the safety or efficacy of an investigational medicinal product.
Clinical Trials Unit (CTU)
Clinical Trials Unit; are specialised research units which design, centrally coordinate and analyse clinical trials and other studies. Some CTUs specialise in different methodologies, such as randomised controlled trials, cluster randomised trials, surgical trials, and health services research. Some specialise in one disease type, whereas others are generic units. Some CTUs focus on specific phases and types of clinical trials; others conduct all phases and types of trial. See here for this definition.
College of Life Sciences and Medicine (CLSM)
The College of Life Sciences and Medicine is one of three academic colleges at the University of Aberdeen. It consists of three schools: School of Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, and School of Psychology. For further information, please see www.abdn.ac.uk/about/schools-institutes/index.php
Conference and Training Evaluation Form (CATEF)
This electronic form allows HSRU staff to evaluate and feedback about conferences, training and other events they have attended. Access to the form is via a webpage for which a staff login is required.
Conference and Training Request Form (CATRF)
This electronic form allows HSRU staff to request attendance at conferences, training and other events. Access to the form is via a webpage for which a staff login is required.
Confidence Interval (CI)
Confidence Interval is 'a range of values providing the estimate of an unknown parameter of a population. A confidence interval uses a percentage level, often 95 percent, to indicate the degree of uncertainty of its construction.' Taken from www.britannica.com/science/confidence-interval
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT)
CONSORT stands for Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials and encompasses various initiatives developed by the CONSORT Group to alleviate the problems arising from inadequate reporting of randomized controlled trials. The main outcome from this group is the CONSORT Statement, which is an evidence-based, minimum set of recommendations for reporting randomized trials. It offers a standard way for authors to prepare reports of trial findings, facilitating their complete and transparent reporting, and aiding their critical appraisal and interpretation. Taken from www.consort-statement.org/ (Please note that the CONSORT website is currently unavailable. To access the checklists via the original published paper please follow the PubMed links in the full bibliographic reference section of this web page).
Core outcome set (COS)
A core outcome set - COS for short - is a list of important things to measure (important 'outcomes') when researchers are comparing different 'interventions' for a particular health condition. Using a core outcome set helps researchers be able to compare how different 'interventions' work because all trials will report the same 'outcomes'.
Data Coordinator (DC)
Within a trial context, a data coordinator provides data management and secretarial support for trial research staff. This role includes responsibility for data entry and data cleaning, liaising with health professionals in trial sites, organising trial meetings and acting on any queries about the trial.
Data Monitoring Committee (DMC)
The DMC is a committee whose role is to review the accruing trial data and to assess whether there are any safety issues that should be brought to participants' attention or any reasons for the trial not to continue. The Data Monitoring Committee should be independent of both the investigators and the funder/sponsor and should be the only body that has access to unblinded data. It normally makes recommendations to the Trial Steering Committee (or Trial Management Group).
Data Management Plan (DMP)
A Data Management Plan describes and defines all data management activities for a study. Some examples of the essential ingredients for a DMP are: a map of file server arrangements; details of study personnel involved with the study and data access roles assigned to each; a complete set of finalised case report forms (CRF); database design; software, hardware and database location; data flow and tracking to ensure optimal data completion and to facilitate reporting; data entry procedures; Quality Assurance plan, for example audit trail checks; archiving and security arrangements.
Data Protection
See GDPR
Development Safety Update Report (DSUR)
The Development Safety Update Report (DSUR) Guidance (ICH E2F) was first published in the EU in September 2010 and implemented in September 2011. For CTIMPs, sponsors are required to prepare and submit a DSUR to the MHRA and the Ethics Committee, once a year throughout the clinical trial or on request, but this may be delegated to the CI (and any such delegation should be documented in the (co-)sponsorship agreement and / or the trial protocol). The DSUR should take into account all new available safety information received during the reporting period. Please refer to www.gov.uk/guidance/clinical-trials-for-medicines-manage-your-authorisation-report-safety-issues for details.
Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE)
Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE) is an attribute based hypothetical survey measure of benefit. Respondents are presented with a sequence of hypothetical scenarios and choices composed of two or more competing alternatives that vary by attributes. If the cost of the service is one of the included attributes, this technique allows one to determine willingness to pay indirectly. The following video HERU Explains: Discrete Choice Experiments helps explain how DCEs measure preferences in health.
electronic Data Research and Innovation Service (eDRIS)
The electronic Data Research and Innovation Service (eDRIS) team are part of the Public Health Scotland. They support researchers who wish to request and make use of administrative datasets. Please refer to the eDRIS website for further information and guidance.
Equality, Diversity and Inclusion (EDI)
The University is fully committed to equality, diversity, and inclusion. Our vision is to strive to create an inclusive environment for work and study which celebrates the diversity of our staff and students. In recognising that diversity brings new and engaging perspectives and enriches the experience of all who work, study and visit the University, we will take a proactive approach to embedding and mainstreaming the principles of equality, diversity and inclusion through the University's strategic plan, Aberdeen 2040. See here for further information.
European Conformity (CE)
CE marking indicates that a product has been assessed by the manufacturer and deemed to meet EU safety, health and environmental protection requirements and the product complies with EU legislation. It is required for products manufactured anywhere in the world that are then marketed in the EU. Taken from: europa.eu/youreurope/business/product-requirements/labels-markings/ce-marking/index en.htm
European Medicines Agency (EMA)
The European Medicines Agency is a decentralised agency of the European Union. The Agency is responsible for the scientific evaluation of medicines developed by pharmaceutical companies for use in the European Union. The mission of the European Medicines Agency is to foster scientific excellence in the evaluation and supervision of medicines, for the benefit of public and animal health.
EU clinical trials directives (EUCTD)
The EUCTD (2001/20/EC) is a legal document, published in 2001, which sets out how clinical trials investigating the safety or efficacy of a medicinal product in humans must be conducted. The EU GCP Directive 2005/28/EC supplements the EUCTD, strengthening the legal basis for requiring Member States to comply with the principles and guidelines of good clinical practice, as set out in the ICH GCP guidelines.
Freedom of Information (FOI)
The Freedom of Information (FOI: Scotland) Act 2002 gives individuals general right to access recorded information held by Scotland's public authorities, promoting greater openness and accountability across the public sector. This legislation applies to the University of Aberdeen. Please refer to the University's web page for details.
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) replaces the 1998 Data Protection Act from 25 May 2018. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a European regulation on data protection and privacy for all individuals within the European Union and the detail of its application in the UK will be set out in a new Data Protection Act. The planned withdrawal from the European Union will not affect the GDPR coming into force in the UK. The GDPR builds on the previous legislation by providing more protections for individuals, and significantly more privacy obligations for organisations such as the University.
Please see the HRA website for detailed guidance about operational arrangements that researchers and organisations may need to put in place. Please see the University website for local guidance and advice on the University of Aberdeen's information security and data protection policies as well as GDPR.
General Linear Model (GLM)
A linear predictor is when an unknown variable is predicted from a set of observed values. When the unknown variable is considered continuous and normally distributed, linear regression is used. The GLM is an extension of linear regression to situations where using linear regression would not be appropriate such as when the unknown variable is a count or a binary variable indicating success or failure. In these situations, the variable is neither continuous nor normally distributed. Logistic regression, Poisson regression and linear regression are therefore all examples of GLM.
Glossary of Evaluation Terms for Informed Treatment choices (GET-IT)
This glossary aims to facilitate informed choices about treatments by promoting consistent use of plain language and providing plain language explanations of terms that people might need to understand if they wish to assess claims about treatments.
Good Clinical Practice (GCP)
Good Clinical Practice is an international ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, conducting, recording and reporting trials that involve the participation of human subjects. Compliance with this standard provides public assurance that the rights, safety and well-being of trial participants are protected, consistent with the principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki, and that the clinical trial data are credible.
Good Research Practice (GRP)
Good Research Practice (GRP) is the equivalent of GCP for researchers working on studies that do not include investigational medicinal products. It is a local based training that incorporates the principles of GCP. See NHS Grampian R&D.
Health and Social Care Gateway R&D Division (Northern Ireland) (HSC R&D)
The Health and Social Care Research and Development (HSC R&D) Division is part of the Public Health Agency.
Health Care Assessment (HCA)
One of the research programmes in the Health Services Research Unit (HSRU) which concentrates on health technology assessment. See the HCA web page for further information.
Health Economics Analysis Plan (HEAP)
A document containing a detailed elaboration of the principal features of the analysis described in a clinical trial protocol, and which includes procedures for economic analysis of the primary and secondary variables and other data.
Health Economics Research Unit (HERU)
The Health Economics Research Unit (HERU) is based at the University of Aberdeen and is part of the Institute of Applied Health Sciences within the School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition. Its aim is to develop and encourage the application of appropriate economic methods to improve health and health care in Scotland. For further information, see their website www.abdn.ac.uk/heru/
Health Research Authority (HRA)
The HRA was established in December 2011 to protect and promote the interests of patients and the public in health research, and to streamline the regulation of research. They are responsible for a wide range of projects to streamline research, and host IRAS.
Healthcare Improvement Scotland (HIS)
Healthcare Improvement Scotland is an organisation which aims to help provide better quality health and social care for everyone in Scotland. Their priorities include: helping health and social care organisations to redesign and continuously improve services; provide quality assurance that gives people confidence in the services and supports providers to improve and enabling people to make informed decisions about their care and treatment. See their website for further information.
Hospital Episode Statistics (HES)
Hospital Episode Statistics is a database containing details of all admissions, A&E attendances and outpatient appointments at NHS hospitals in England.
Information Services Division (ISD)
ISD Scotland is now called `Data and intelligence` and is the responsibility of Public Health Scotland. ISD provides health information, health intelligence, statistical services and advice that support the NHS in progressing quality improvement in health and care and facilitates robust planning and decision making. See Public Health Scotland.
Improving Experiences of Care (ImpEC)
One of the research programmes in the Health Services Research Unit (HSRU). See ImpEC page for further details.
Institute of Applied Health Sciences (IAHS)
The IAHS conducts population-based research into the need for, access to, evaluation of, and delivery of healthcare. See the IAHS website for more details.
Interactive Voice Response (IVR)
Interactive voice response enables callers to access and provide information through a pre-recorded, digitised voice system without the need to speak to a person. The computer is able to prompt the caller for required information with straightforward pre-recorded voice messages and give out information in response. This service randomises treatments to subjects, provides automated confirmation of assignments, allows study unblinding, and can provide regular reporting of trial progress to the researcher(s). All this is done on a 24/7 basis, eliminating the issues of time-zones and distance.
Outbound IVR calling is a digitally driven reminder system that is automated, rather than being initiated by a member of the trial team contacting the participant directly. This type of call can be viewed as an extension of, or substitute for, traditional live telephone calls. The IVR reminder system can attempt as many calls as programmed, with minimal staffing requirements.
International Committee on Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)
The ICMJE is a small group of general medical journal editors and representatives of selected related organizations working together to improve the quality of medical science and its reporting. The ICMJE has developed criteria for authorship that can be used by all journals, including those that distinguish authors from other contributors. Please refer to the ICJME website for full details.
International Council on Harmonisation (ICH)
The International Council on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) (known as International Conference on Harmonisation before 23 October 2015) brings together the regulatory authorities of Europe, Japan and the United States to discuss scientific and technical aspects of product registration. It makes recommendations on ways to achieve greater harmonisation in the interpretation and application of technical guidelines and requirements for product registration to reduce or avoid the need to duplicate the testing carried out during the research and development of new medicines. See the ICH website for further information.
International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN)
The ISRCTN is a clinical trial registry. It is numeric system for the identification of clinical trials worldwide. The randomly generated, eight-digit ISRCTN is unique to a registered trial, thereby ensuring that the trial can be simply and unambiguously tracked throughout its lifecycle from initial protocol to results publication. The ISRCTN website provides further information.
Integrated Research Application System (IRAS)
Integrated Research Application System is a web-based integrated system for research applications. It is designed to capture information needed to be submitted by researchers for the relevant permissions and approvals (including NRES & NHS R&D approval) to enable the conduct of health and social care research in the UK. It streamlines the application process by allowing you to enter your study information in one place without duplication in separate application forms for each review body.
Investigational Medicinal Product Dossier (IMPD/sIMPD)
The Investigational Medicinal Product Dossier (IMPD) forms part of the documentation required for your application to the MHRA for a Clinical Trial Authorisation (CTA). The IMPD includes summaries of information related to the quality, manufacture and control of the Investigational Medicinal Product, data from non-clinical studies and from its clinical use. An overall risk-benefit assessment, critical analyses of the non-clinical and clinical data in relation to the potential risks and benefits of the proposed study have to be part of the IMPD. Please refer to www.gov.uk/guidance/clinical-trials-for-medicines-apply-for-authorisation-in-the-uk for examples of IMPDs.
Investigator Brochure (IB)
A document containing a summary of the clinical and non-clinical data relating to an investigational medicinal product (IMP) which are relevant to the study of the product in human subjects. See ichgcp.net/7-investigators-brochure/ for full details.
Investigator Site File (ISF)
The Investigator Site File contains all essential documents held by Principal Investigator(s) conducting a trial which individually and collectively permit the evaluation of the conduct of a trial and the quality of the data produced.
Letter of Access (LOA)
The Letter of Access (LOA) forms part of the research passport process. The research passport algorithm helps assess whether you need an LOA or honorary research contract and is dependent on what research activities will be undertaken and where. If a study involves contact with patients in a care setting or using identifiable data then it is likely the researcher will need an LOA. If the study involves providing health care, or is likely to have a direct bearing on the quality of care, an honorary research contract may be required.
Local Information Pack (LIP)
The UK Local Information Pack is a streamlined package to support study set-up and delivery across the UK. A key component of the UK Local Information Pack for non-commercially sponsored studies is the 'Organisation Information Document' (OID ). The UK Local Information Pack contains the documents required to be submitted as part of the full document set for Sponsorship review. See IRAS website for further information.
Lunchtime Research Meetings (LRM)
Lunchtime Research Meetings provide the opportunity for either the dissemination of research activities (project status or outcomes, lessons learnt, development of new ideas etc) between colleagues or information exchange (shared experiences, development of new processes, showcasing tools/systems used etc) amongst colleagues.
Managed Clinical Network (MCN)
The Managed Clinical Network is a linked group of health professionals and organisations from primary, secondary and tertiary care, working in a co-ordinated manner, unconstrained by existing professional and Health Board boundaries, to ensure equitable provision of high quality clinically effective services throughout Scotland.
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)
The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency is a government agency which is responsible for ensuring that medicines and medical devices work, and are acceptably safe. See their website for further information.
Medicines for Human Use (Clinical Trials) Regulations 2004
The Medicines for Human Use (Clinical Trials) Regulations 2004 regulate clinical trials in the UK since they came into force on the 1 May 2004. They replace the current clinical trial provisions of the Medicines Act 1968 and its secondary legislation and will transpose Directive 2001/20/EC1into UK law. See also subsequent amendment 2006/1928.
Medical Research Council (MRC)
The Medical Research Council is a publicly-funded organisation dedicated to improving human health. The MRC supports research across the entire spectrum of medical sciences, in universities and hospitals, in their own units, centres and institutes in the UK, and in their units in Africa.
Model Non-Commercial Agreement (mNCA)
The model non-commercial agreement (mNCA) (also referred to as a site agreement) for research is a template for documenting the relationship between, and the responsibilities of, non-commercial sponsor(s) of a research study and the Health Service organisation where the study takes place. Please note: UoA R&I will lead the development of mNCA for any studies.
Please see: www.myresearchproject.org.uk/help/hlptemplatesfor.aspx
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence provides national guidance and advice to improve health and social care.
National Institute for Health and Care Research: Clinical Research Network Coordinating Centre (NIHR CRNCC)
The National Institute for Health and Care Research Clinical Research Network Coordinating Centre supports clinical research and helps to facilitate the conduct of trials and other well-designed studies within the NHS. See NIHR CRNCC website for further information.
National Institute for Health and Care Research: Health and Social Care Delivery Research
(NIHR HSDR)
The NIHR Health and Social Care Delivery Research (HSDR) Programme funds research to produce evidence to impact on the quality, accessibility and organisation of health and social care services. This includes evaluations of how the NHS and social care might improve delivery of services. The audience for this research is the public, service users, clinicians, professionals and managers. For further information, see webpage Health and Social Care Delivery Research | NIHR.
National Institute for Health and Care Research: Health Technology Assessment programme (NIHR HTA)
Please see website for further details.
National Institute for Health and Care Research: Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation (NIHR EME)
The Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation (EME) programme funds studies evaluating interventions with potential to make a step-change in the promotion of health, treatment of disease and improvement of rehabilitation or long-term care. Within these studies, EME supports research in the mechanisms of diseases and treatments. EME is a partnership between the MRC and NIHR.
National Institute for Health and Care Research: Programme Grants for Applied Research (NIHR PGfAR)
Please see website for details.
National Institute for Health and Care Research: Research for Patient Benefit Programme (NIHR RfPB)
The NIHR Research for Patient Benefit Programme (RfPB) is a national, response-mode programme inspired by patients and practice to generate high-quality research for the benefit of users of the NHS in England. See website for further information.
National Institute for Social Care and Health Research (NISCHR)
Health and Care Research Wales is a national organisation funded and overseen by the Welsh Government's Research and Development Division. See Health Care Research Wales (healthandcareresearchwales.org) for further information.
NHS Digital (NHSD)
See NHS England
NHS Education for Scotland (NES)
NHS Education for Scotland is an education and training body and a special health board within NHS Scotland, with responsibility of developing and delivering education and training for the healthcare workforce in Scotland.
NHS England
NHS England and NHS Digital have today legally merged in the first step towards creating a new, single organisation to lead the NHS in England to deliver high-quality services for all. See here for further information.
NHS Research Scotland (NRS)
NRS is a partnership between the NHS in Scotland and the Chief Scientist Office (CSO). NRS's aim is to promote and support clinical research in Scotland - see www.nhsresearchscotland.org.uk/
NHS Research Scotland Permissions Coordinating Centre in Scotland (NRS Permissions CC)
NRS Permissions CC manages the process of obtaining R&D NHS management permission for multicentre research projects in Scotland. NRS Permissions CC liaises directly with NHS Board R&D offices to help streamline the Scottish R&D permissions process. For further information see the NRS Permissions CC website.
NIHR Evaluation, Trial and Studies Co-ordinating Centre (NETSCC)
Please see website for further details.
NIHR Office for Clinical Research Infrastructure (NOCRI)
The NIHR has issued a new Implementation Plan for the NIHR Office for Clinical Research Infrastructure. The NOCRI, established in December 2009, helps to facilitate collaborations between NIHR-funded infrastructure and funders of research, including industry.
North of Scotland Research Ethics Service (NOSRES)
The Grampian Research Ethics Committees (REC) became the North of Scotland Research Ethics Service covering Grampian, Highlands and Islands, Orkney and Shetland. Please see the website for further details or email: gram.nosres@nhs.scot.
Office for National Statistics (ONS)
The Office for National Statistics (ONS) is the UK's largest independent producer of official statistics and the recognised national statistical institute of the UK. It is responsible for collecting and publishing statistics related to the economy, population and society at national, regional and local levels. It plays a leading role in national and international good practice in the production of official statistics. Taken from www.gov.uk/government/organisations/office-for-national-statistics. The ONS website is www.ons.gov.uk/.
Organisation Information Document (OID)
The Organisation Information Document is a key component of the UK Local Information Pack for commercial and non-commercial research projects. It replaces the Statement of Activities (SoA) that were used for non-commercial studies, in England and Wales; and the NHS/HSC Site Specific Information (SSI) Form in Scotland and Northern Ireland. See: www.myresearchproject.org.uk/help/hlpsitespecific.aspx#UK-Local-Information-Pack-OID
Participant Identification Centre (PIC)
Organisations which refer potential participants to a research team at another organisation, but do not conduct trial related activity themselves. If activities such as consent take place, then the site would not be classed as a PIC. See: www.invo.org.uk/posttypejargon/participant-identification-centres-pics/
Public Engagement Group (PEG)
The Unit has an active Public Engagement Group (PEG) that delivers a number of engagement events throughout the year. More information can be found at www.abdn.ac.uk/hsru/what-we-do/ppie/index.php. This group is open to anyone from the Unit to join; please speak to the PPIE coordinator (hsru-ppie@abdn.ac.uk) for more details.
Patient or Participant Information Leaflet (PIL)
Patient or Participant Information Leaflets are leaflets which are given to patients / participants and, in the context of a trial or study, describe the purpose of the trial or study, which treatments or interventions are being studied along with any advantages and disadvantages, the role of participants in the trial/study and what they will be asked to do, and the safeguards in place to protect the interests of the patient/participant.
Principal Investigator (PI)
The Principal Investigator is responsible for the conduct of the research at a research site. There should be one PI for each research site. In the case of a single-site study, the Chief Investigator and the PI will normally be the same person. Taken from www.hra.nhs.uk/resources/before-you-apply/roles-and-responsibilties/principal-investigator/.
Project Management Group (PMG)
A Project Management Group consists of a trial's grant holders, those responsible for the day-to-day management of the trial (usually the trial manager) and can include a consumer representative (if these persons are not grant holders).
Patient and Public Involvement (PPI)
PPI is used as an umbrella term to cover a multiplicity of interactions that patients and the public have with the NHS. When thinking about PPI in research INVOLVE defines public involvement in research as research being carried out 'with' or 'by' members of the public rather than 'to', 'about' or 'for' them. This includes, for example, working with research funders to prioritise research, offering advice as members of a project steering group, commenting on and developing research materials, undertaking interviews with research participants.
Normally, PPI partners would have a lived experience of the health condition being studied, or a similar health condition, or would be caring for someone with the condition.
Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE)
Patient and public involvement and engagement entails research being carried out 'with' or 'by' members of the public, rather than 'to', 'about' or 'for' them. The word public can refer to patients, potential patients, carers and people who use health and social care services, people from organisations that represent people who use services as well as members of the public. For further information see: NIHR School for Primary Care Research - Patient and Public.
Patient Reported Outcome (PRO)/electronic Patient Reported Outcomes (ePRO)
Patient Reported Outcome, as defined in the Cochrane Handbook (Ch 17), are reports coming directly from patients about how they feel or function in relation to a health condition and its therapy without interpretation by healthcare professionals or anyone else. PROs can relate to symptoms, signs, functional status, perceptions, or other aspects such as convenience and tolerability. Electronic Patient Reported Outcomes (ePRO) are PROs collected by electronic methods, e.g. smartphone.
Patient Reported Outcomes Measures (PROM)
Patient reported outcome measures (PROM) are questionnaires patients complete on their health and quality of life. The information collected from PROM can help to monitor patient progress, facilitate communication between professionals and patients and/or help to improve the quality of health services. For further information see the Healthcare Improvement Scotland guidance here.
Project Website Initiation (PWI)
Project Website Initiation is used to gather initial information required to setup the initial website for a study.
Quality Assurance Life Years (QALY)
A QALY is a year of life adjusted for its quality or its value. A year in perfect health is considered equal to 1.0 QALY. The QALY is often used in cost-utility analysis to calculate the ratio of cost to QALYs saved for a particular health care intervention.
Quality Assurance (QA)
Quality Assurance is defined as those planned and systematic actions that are established to ensure that the work performed and the data generated, documented (recorded), and reported is in compliance with Good Clinical Practice ( GCP ) and the applicable regulatory requirement(s).
Quality Control (QC)
The operational techniques and activities undertaken within the quality assurance system to verify that the requirements for quality of the trial-related activities have been fulfilled.
Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)
A Randomised Controlled Trial is a study in which the participants are randomly allocated, by chance, to receive one of several clinical interventions.
Research & Development (R&D)
R&D approval provides permission for a study to commence within the NHS and is required for all research studies involving NHS patients, their tissues or information, or studies involving NHS staff participating by virtue of their profession. For further information, see NHS R&D Forum. For local information please see NHS Grampian R&D.
Research and Innovation (R&I)
Please see: www.abdn.ac.uk/business-info/research-innovation/
Research Ethics Committee (REC)
The Research Ethics committee is an independent body constituted by medical/scientific professionals and non-scientists members, whose responsibility is to ensure the protection of rights, safety and wellbeing of subjects involved in clinical trials.
Research Ethics Service (RES)
'The Research Ethics Service has a dual mission. To protect the rights, safety, dignity and well-being of research participants and to facilitate ethical research which is of potential benefit to participants, science and society.' RES is part of the Health Research Authority (HRA); see HRA website for further information.
Research Governance
Research Governance can be defined as the broad range of regulations, principles and standards of good practice that exist to achieve, and continuously improve, research quality across all aspects of healthcare in the UK and worldwide. For information on Research Governance arrangements in place across the University of Aberdeen please refer to www.abdn.ac.uk/staffnet/research/research-governance-10644.php. For local information relating to clinical research, including queries about Sponsorship, amendments and applications, please refer to www.abdn.ac.uk/clinicalresearchgovernance/.
Research Governance framework
The Research Governance Framework for Health and Social Care sets out the broad principles of good research governance. This policy framework sets out principles of good practice in the management and conduct of health and social care research in the UK. It is for organisations and individuals that have responsibilities for health and social care research. This includes funders, sponsors, researchers and their employers, research sites and care providers.
Research Passport (RP)
The Research Passport is a streamlined system for issuing an honorary research contracts or Letter of Access (LOA) to researchers when they propose to carry out research activities in the NHS. The research passport provides evidence of the pre-engagement checks undertaken on the researcher in line with NHS Employment Check Standards. If the research involves using NHS facilities, recruiting NHS patients as participants for your study or accessing NHS patient information a research passport application will need to be completed. For the local application process, please refer to www.abdn.ac.uk/staffnet/working-here/application-process-8157.php. Please see the IRAS website for further details.
Research Nurse (RN)
The Research Nurse is usually involved in the clinical care aspects of the study, but may also be involved in trial co-ordination, which can be a significant proportion of the role.
Schedule of Events (SoE) and Statement of Activities (SoA)
A SoE and SoA have been replaced with the Schedule of Events Cost Attribution Tool (SoECAT) and Organisation Information Document (OID) respectively.
Schedule of Events Cost Attribution Tool (SoECAT)
A Schedule of Events or a SoECAT is required for all non-commercial studies, where a UK Local Information Pack is required. This will help to ensure that the appropriate resources are identified to support study delivery and that there is clarity for participating NHS/HSC organisations about how the costs associated with participating in a study are attributed. See www.myresearchproject.org.uk/help/hlpsitespecific.aspx#UK-Local-Information-Pack-SoE-SoECAT
School Ethics Review Board (SERB)
The remit of the School of Medicine, Medical Science & Nutrition Ethics Review Board (SERB) is to provide a review of ethical aspects of any research proposal for projects on human volunteers or human tissue samples carried out by University staff and students within the college which are not covered by another committee e.g. the North of Scotland Research Ethics Committee, or the Psychology Ethics Committee or other local ethics review boards. For further information, see here.
School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition (SMMSN)
Please see SMMSN website.
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN)
The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) develops evidence based clinical practice guidelines for the National Health Service (NHS) in Scotland.
Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC)
The Scottish Medicines Consortium analyses information supplied by medicine manufacturers on the health benefits of their medicine and justification of its price. As the NHS has limited resources, SMC works to make sure that those medicines which represent good value for money are accepted for routine use as quickly as possible so that they can benefit patients.
Serious Adverse Device Effect (SADE)
Adverse device effect that has resulted in any of the consequences characteristic of a serious adverse event. See guidance.
Serious Adverse Event (SAE)
Any medical occurrence is 'serious' if it: results in death; is life threatening; requires or prolongs inpatient hospitalisation; results in persistent/significant disability/incapacity; or, is a congenital anomaly/birth defect, or other medically important event.
Serious Adverse Reaction (SAR)
Serious adverse event that is judged by the investigator to have a reasonable causal relationship to the investigational medicinal product (IMP).
Serious breach
Serious breach is a breach which is likely to affect to a significant degree: the safety or physical or mental integrity of the subjects of the trial; or the scientific value of the trial.
Source document/data verification (SDV)
Source document/data verification is the substantiation of data collected in a research study, for example a case report form (CRF), by looking at its primary source, for example medical records.
Single Technology Appraisal (STA)
See NICE website.
Site Initiation Visit (SIV)
Site initiation may be carried out by visiting sites, holding central study training days, providing sites with pre-recorded training videos or by telephone/video conferencing to train study staff at the recruitment sites in the study processes. This should be undertaken before the first participant is recruited into a study at the site.
Sponsor
An individual, company, institution, organisation or group of organisations that takes on responsibility for initiation, management and financing (or arranging the financing) of the research (e.g. University of Aberdeen / NHS Grampian). www.hra.nhs.uk/planning-and-improving-research/research-planning/roles-and-responsibilities/
Standard Deviation (SD)
The standard deviation (SD) is a measure of variability. When we calculate the standard deviation of a sample, we are using it as an estimate of the variability of the population from which the sample was drawn. Taken from Altman DG, Bland JM. Standard deviations and standard errors. BMJ. 2005;331(7521):903. (Statistics Notes: Standard deviations and standard errors (nih.gov))
Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)
Standard Operating Procedures are detailed written instructions to achieve uniformity of the performance of a specific function. A comprehensive set of well-maintained SOPs (or Best Practice Guidelines) is essential to research in order to comply with the various guidelines and regulations as well as to ensure that the delivery of the research is of a high quality. See www.abdn.ac.uk/grampian-research-office/sops/index.php for local Sponsor SOPs and the CHaRT SOP book for how CHaRT conducts its trials.
Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT)
Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials is an international initiative that aims to improve the quality of clinical trial protocols by defining an evidence-based set of items to address in a protocol. See SPIRIT website.
Statistical Analysis Plan (SAP)
A document containing a detailed elaboration of the principal features of the analysis described in a clinical trial protocol, and which includes procedures for statistical analysis of the primary and secondary variables and other data.
Studies Within A Review (SWAR) / Studies Within A Trial (SWAT)
Embedded studies within reviews and trials. These studies aim to make full use of an existing review or trial by embedding an additional study into them. The results can be reported and the study concepts are free for anyone to use or adapt, data from these embedded studies is often pooled from multiple trials. For further information, please see study web page.
Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC or SPC)
The basis of information for health professionals on how to use a medicinal product safely and effectively. They are written and updated by pharmaceutical companies and are based on their research and product knowledge. It is then checked and approved by the UK or European medicines licensing agency. The leaflet that is included in the pack with a medicine is a patient-friendly version of this document.
Suspected Unexpected Serious Adverse Reaction (SUSAR)
An adverse reaction, classed as serious and suspected, the nature and severity of which is not consistent with the applicable product information (e.g. Investigator's Brochure if unlicensed; SmPC if licensed).
Technology Assessment Review (TAR)
The HTA Programme manages the NIHR Technology Assessment Reviews (TARs) programme, which has nine research teams contracted to respond to the urgent needs of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and other policy makers. NICE's role is to improve the outcomes for people using the NHS and other public health and social care services. One of the ways it does this is by producing evidence-based guidance. NICE guidance contains systematically developed recommendations based on the best evidence. The TAR research teams provide NICE with the independent research it needs to inform three of their guidance committees.
THIS institute: The Healthcare Improvement Studies Institute
Based at the University of Cambridge, the THIS institute manifesto states 'Our goal is to create a world-leading scientific asset for the NHS about how to improve quality and safety in healthcare. We are guided by a highly participatory, collaborative ethos that combines academic rigour with the real concerns of the people who use and work in the NHS.' www.thisinstitute.cam.ac.uk/
Trial Manager (TM)
A Trial Manager is responsible for the overall day-to-day management of a trial. This role is wide ranging and includes the supervision of trial team members, monitoring of trial budgets, adherence to legislative, contractual and ethical requirements, and the preparation and publication of data. For further information, please see UKTMN.
Trial Master File (TMF)
A Trial (or Study) Master File is a collection of the essential documents, which individually and collectively permit evaluation of the conduct of a trial and the quality of the data produced. These documents will include: documented favourable opinion of ethics committee of protocol, informed consent, case report forms etc; financial aspects of the trials; R&D approval.
Trial Service Definition (TSD)
A Trial Service Definition is used to gather initial information required to setup the data management area of the website for the study.
Trial Steering Committee (TSC)
The Trial Steering Committee is a committee whose role is to monitor and supervise the progress of the trial and ensure that it is being conducted in accordance with the principles of GCP and the relevant regulations. The Trial Steering Committee should agree the trial protocol and any protocol amendments and provide advice to the investigators on all aspects of the trial. A Trial Steering Committee may have members who are independent to the investigators, in particular an independent chairperson. Decisions about continuation or termination of the trial or substantial amendments to the protocol are usually the responsibility of the Trial Steering Committee.
Unanticipated Serious Adverse Device Effect (USADE)
Serious adverse device effect which by its nature, incidence, severity or outcome has not been identified in the current version of the risk analysis report.
User Acceptance Testing (UAT)
User Acceptance Testing is the last phase of software development in which the software is tested in the "real world" by the intended audience. An example of this is during the CHaRT trial set-up phase; the software is provisionally supplied to the relevant trial office staff in order to perform live testing or the trial database against their original requirements. UATs may also be required for software involving complex design or where dynamic requirements exist. In all cases, the final user acceptance tests must be signed off by the senior programmer or senior IT development manager.
UK Trial Managers' Network (UKTMN)
The UK Trial Managers' Network is a forum for the people who run UK trials. Its primary functions are to link trial managers together to ensure the sharing and dissemination of expertise and experience and to provide training tools developed by the members of the network to new trial managers. Please see their website for further details.
Unit Staff Meeting (USM)
The Unit Staff Meeting is the main forum for discussion of any matter; research, academic or domestic, which affects the day-to-day or longer-term running of the Unit. It is also the main information giving/receiving forum for all staff.
Urgent Safety Measure (USM)
An Urgent Safety Measure occurs when a research participant is identified as being at risk of harm in relation to their involvement in a research project and urgent action, which deviates from the approved protocol, is required to manage the event and protect the participant(s). See HRA website.
Willingness To Pay (WTP)
Willingness To Pay is the maximum amount of money that an individual is willing to pay or give up to benefit from a particular intervention (i.e. receive a given intervention). This is elicited by direct questioning, using contingent valuation method and indirectly using discrete choice experiment or conjoint analysis.
Working Practice Document (WPD)
A Working Practice Document is a locally controlled document providing specific instructions or further information on a particular task.